Metro Regions

Equity, Growth, and Community presents data, case studies, and emerging narratives on 11 metro regions on what’s happening with different types of multi-sector collaborations – places that are successfully working together, places working through conflict, and places somewhere in between.

These approaches -whether planner-led, business-led, conflict-driven, or high tech/high road-centered – offer a range of strategies instructive for other metro regions grappling with similar issues. Benner and Pastor have grouped the case studies into four types, organized into the chapter headings listed below.

Read on for excerpts from the book to preview the findings for each metro region, and explore lists of leaders and organization in each region who informed this research. (By the way, have you noticed the running “theme” across the metro regions’ chapter titles? Bonus points if you can spot it! Let us know by using the Twitter hashtag #GrowingTogetherMetro)

Parks and Recreation: Planning the Epistemic Community

In this chapter, Benner and Pastor looked at two cases where explicit planning processes were created to create shared knowledge communities: the Salt Lake City and Sacramento metro regions. In Salt Lake, the authors lifted up the work of a nonprofit group called Envision Utah that was instrumental in creating a shared regional consciousness on population and housing growth strategies. For the Sacramento region, they highlighted the local council of government’s “Blueprint process” which helped residents come to a shared understanding on issues of transportation, land use, and housing development.

Learn more about planning epistemic communities in Chapter 4 of Equity, Community, and Growth >>

Sacramento, California

“Sacramento is one region where planning processes have been important for shaping the region’s trajectory. Sometimes derisively referred to as Cowtown, the unsophisticated inland kid sister of California’s more flashy coastal cities, Sacramento is now a dynamic region of over two million. The state’s capital, Sacramento has traditionally drawn economic stability from its large public sector anchored in middle-wage jobs. However, the closure of four large military bases in the late 1980s and early 1990s altered the structure of the region economically and socially. Sacramento soon realized that weathering major economic shifts requires a broad-based strategy underpinned by a regional vision – and much of the last decade has included substantial advocacy planning. From conflict to collaboration, we looked at how broad participatory processes and regional planning emerged in Sacramento, and what the value of such processes were.—Excerpt from Chapter 4 of Equity, Growth, and Community

Read more about the Sacremento region in the free eBook version on Luminos

Metro Region Case Study Data: View Table | Download Data

The authors wish to extend a special thanks to the persons and organizations listed below. Follow the links to learn more about them.

Salt Lake City, Utah

“Salt Lake City, home to overlapping conservative and anti-government sentiments, saw an inclusive and participatory process of long-range regional planning led not by the government, but by a small nonprofit organization called Envision Utah. The patterns of economic growth, social equity, and the processes that unite diverse entities in the community are all structural factors that help explain the sustained growth seen in Salt Lake City. While the longer-term culture of the region paved the way for communicative planning, the planning itself required nuances that facilitated connections across diverse perspectives and constituencies.—Excerpt from Chapter 3 of Equity, Growth, and Community

Read more about the Salt Lake City region in the free eBook version on Luminos

Metro Region Case Study Data: View Table | Download Data

The authors wish to extend a special thanks to the persons and organizations listed below. Follow the links to learn more about them.

Brandon Dew, Operating Engineers Local Union 3


Business Knows Best: Elite-Driven Regional Stewardship

In this chapter, the authors featured three cases where regional stewardship was driven by business elites: the Grand Rapids, Charlotte, and Oklahoma City regions. Although elite-driven development efforts brought vibrant regional growth to formerly struggling cities, this approach did reveal its limitations – particularly in Grand Rapids and Charlotte – when it came to addressing issues of equity. In Oklahoma City, however, Benner and Pastor observed the notable efforts of elite leadership to move beyond ideology toward more inclusive, sustainable growth in the face of economic challenges.

Read more about elite-driven regional stewardship in Chapter 5 of Equity, Community, and Growth >>

Grand Rapids, Michigan

“Until recently, Grand Rapids was one of the better performing regions in the Midwest. There is a long history here: in the mid-19th century, Grand Rapids was one of the country’s major hubs of the timber industry and the region established itself as the premier furniture manufacturing center in the country. Even during major deindustrialization in the 1980s, the ‘furniture city’ was able to sustain a vibrant manufacturing sector that provided middle-class job opportunities for non-college educated workers as late as the mid-2000s (Vande Bunte 2013). Its seemingly infallible status during this time was in part due to its small group of wealthy business leaders with a strong sense of commitment to the region, which lent a sense of a common regional destiny and clear collaboration but also lacked dynamism and diversity. We examine how its elite-driven approach both exceeded and fell short of expectations and how economic growth and equity has been affected.—Excerpt from Chapter 5 of Equity, Growth, and Community

Read more about the Grand Rapids region in the free eBook version on Luminos

Metro Region Case Study Data: View Table | Download Data

The authors wish to extend a special thanks to the persons and organizations listed below. Follow the links to learn more about them.

Charlotte, North Carolina

“Although Charlotte was once known as a sleepy, second-tier city, today the Charlotte region epitomizes many of the qualities of the twenty-first-century Southern metro. It is anchored by a central city that has a reputation as a growing, economically and culturally vibrant hub, and its urban center, replete with a soaring and shiny skyline, well-used light rail system, and art museums, is the built representation of this retooled identity. In the 1980s and 1990s, Charlotte saw strong, equitable economic growth but as it entered the 2000s, uneven growth took over. What happened? Why did a region that “worked so well” stop working quite so well? We look at efforts to bridge disconnects among leaders and community members in Charlotte, and review the efficiency of these efforts.—Excerpt from Chapter 5 of Equity, Growth, and Community

Read more about the Charlotte region in the free eBook version on Luminos

Metro Region Case Study Data: View Table | Download Data

The authors wish to extend a special thanks to the persons and organizations listed below. Follow the links to learn more about them.

Oklahoma City, Oklahoma

“In the mid-to-late 1980s, Oklahoma City was mired in an extended economic crisis, the result of a decline in the region’s core energy businesses and damage to the region’s banking and real estate sectors from the savings and loan meltdown. The region’s downtown area was hit especially hard, since the legacy of classic urban-renewal policy had accelerated the hollowing-out of the urban core. By 1988, Oklahoma City councilman I. G. Purser declared: “Downtown is dead and we helped kill it. There is no major retail, no major attraction and no place to eat” (Lackmeyer and Money 2006, i). Since the early 1990s, however, Oklahoma City has experienced a remarkable turnaround. While the tailwinds of an energy boom in the 2000s are an important part of the story, the path forward has been led by a spirit of collaboration partly rooted in strong regional integration. What makes the story more interesting is that the commitment to this public sector-led redevelopment effort has been headed by four successive Republican mayors and a conservative Chamber of Commerce, while the additional taxes have been supported by a majority of voters in a region that consistently votes overwhelmingly Republican. Oklahoma City’s experience suggests how a commitment to place can help leaders move beyond ideology and toward a more sustainable and shared growth trajectory. It shows the potential for overcoming major economic challenges through collaborative regional efforts that bring together diverse interests, knowledge, and values.—Excerpt from Chapter 5 of Equity, Growth, and Community

Read more about the Oklahoma City region in the free eBook version on Luminos

Metro Region Case Study Data: View Table | Download Data

The authors wish to extend a special thanks to the persons and organizations listed below. Follow the links to learn more about them.


Struggle and the City: Conflict-Informed Collaboration

In this chapter focusing on the role of conflict in collaborations, the authors looked at the Greensboro, Fresno, and San Antonio metro regions. How do conflict and advocacy fit into collaborative knowledge sharing – and when does it lead to inclusion becoming firmly rooted in the regional decision-making fabric? In the cases of Greensboro and Fresno, Benner and Pastor saw increasing fragmentation between competing and distant social actors in the region. However, San Antonio proved to be a case where what began with observable conflict later became a well known “culture of collaboration.”

Learn more about conflict-informed collaborations in Chapter 6 of Equity, Community, and Growth >>

San Antonio, Texas

“If you talk to civic leaders in San Antonio today, they proudly boast of an increasingly multifaceted economy that has been able to move beyond reliance on military spending and now boasts of vibrant tourism, medical, energy, manufacturing, and professional-services sectors. They attribute that success to a spirit of collaboration among government, business, universities, and community groups that has become part of the regional DNA (Benner and Pastor 2014). The overall performance and contemporary spirit of collaboration are far cries from where San Antonio was three decades ago – then, the city and region were the site of one of the country’s most intense struggles to challenge stark racism and to confront a business elite who seemed intent on marketing the region based on cheap labor. In short, San Antonio was an awful lot like Greensboro and Fresno, but over the past four decades, San Antonio has moved from conflict to collaboration, from stark racism and poverty to incorporation and income mobility. How has the region been able to evolve this way?—Excerpt from Chapter 6 of Equity, Growth, and Community

Read more about the San Antonio region in the free eBook version on Luminos

Metro Region Case Study Data: View Table | Download Data

The authors wish to extend a special thanks to the persons and organizations listed below. Follow the links to learn more about them.

Greensboro, North Carolina

“The Greensboro region is located in the heart of North Carolina’s Piedmont Triad, and is known prominently for its manufacturing legacy and its civil rights struggles. Although the formerly booming textile and furniture industries and the lunch-counter sit-in movement are still a source of pride for many in the region, deindustrialization and a history of social distrust and disconnect have contributed to poor performance on both growth and equity. Business leadership in the region has remained relatively weak compared to the strong regional stewardship in places like Charlotte and Grand Rapids, and social-equity advocates have remained mostly fragmented or marginalized. The result is a disconnected region with a contested sense even of its own history.—Excerpt from Chapter 6 of Equity, Growth, and Community

Read more about the Greensboro region in the free eBook version on Luminos

Metro Region Case Study Data: View Table | Download Data

The authors wish to extend a special thanks to the persons and organizations listed below. Follow the links to learn more about them.

Fresno, California

“Despite Fresno being the country’s most fruitful region – literally, it is the most agriculturally productive country in the United States – it has become nationally known for its high levels of poverty and unemployment. Despite its economic hardships, the region’s population has boomed, largely due to low-cost housing. With this growth came major demographic shifts – Fresno’s Latino, Asian and Pacific Islander, and Black populations have all grown significantly since 2000. It is these communities of color who have suffered the most from the region’s economic stagnation and skyrocketing inequalities, as Fresno’s disparities are not just between rich and poor but between whites and people of color, too. Why has Fresno – especially in its communities of color – fared so poorly over the last three decades? A divided and fragmented region, Fresno has a level of conflict and intransigence that led many of our interviewees to be pessimistic about the future.—Excerpt from Chapter 6 of Equity, Growth, and Community

Read more about the Fresno region in the free eBook version on Luminos

Metro Region Case Study Data: View Table | Download Data

The authors wish to extend a special thanks to the persons and organizations listed below. Follow the links to learn more about them.


The Next Frontier: Collaboration in the New Economy

With their bustling information technology industries, the Silicon Valley, Raleigh-Durham, and Seattle regions are at the forefront of the new “knowledge economy.” In Chapter 7, Benner and Pastor examined different patterns of collaboration, growth, and social equity in these innovation and technology-driven regions. In Silicon Valley, they found that past gains in pairing growth with equity have stalled in recent years as incomes rose dramatically, along with increasing inequality and stagnant job growth. The Raleigh-Durham and Seattle metros on the other hand, have shown both substantial economic growth and above average indicators of social equity. What do these contrasts suggest about the role of knowledge communities rooted in new knowledge economies?

Read more about collaboration in the new economy in Chapter 7 of Equity, Community, and Growth >>

Raleigh Durham, North Carolina

“We end our tour of America’s high-tech regions in Seattle, the home of Microsoft, Amazon, and, as it turns out, relatively inclusive growth. Between 1980 and 2010, Seattle’s earnings per job increased at a higher rate (29 percent) than the West as a whole (20 percent), while its measure of income inequality was substantially better than the rest of the West (though still getting worse-the 80-20 income ratio grew five percent from between 1980 and 2010 compared to 11 percent average for metro regions in the West). And this has happened even as Seattle has increased its global connections: Seattle has the sixth highest export total-sending more than $47 billion in goods and services abroad in 2012-while being only the..—Excerpt from Chapter 7 of Equity, Growth, and Community

Read more about the Raleigh-Durham region in the free eBook version on Luminos

Metro Region Case Study Data: View Table | Download Data

The authors wish to extend a special thanks to the persons and organizations listed below. Follow the links to learn more about them.

Seattle, Washington

“Raleigh-Durham provides an important comparison to Silicon Valley, since it is a place where technology-driven growth and social equity have gone together in a more sustained way (though with some slippage in recent years), and where knowledge networks in and about the region seem to be more diverse and more intentional. At the same time, Raleigh-Durham is home to a vibrant high-tech industry, a trio of world-class universities, and a renowned public school system, luring businesses and residents from across the country to relocate there. Indeed, over the last thirty years, Raleigh-Durham has easily outperformed…—Excerpt from Chapter 7 of Equity, Growth, and Community

Read more about the Seattle region in the free eBook version on Luminos

Metro Region Case Study Data: View Table | Download Data

The authors wish to extend a special thanks to the persons and organizations listed below. Follow the links to learn more about them.

Silicon Valley, California

“Silicon Valley is well known as the global center of innovation in high-technology industries. The region has managed to maintain its innovative leadership through multiple rounds of economic restructuring, being consistently able to develop new technological innovations even while yesterday’s innovative technologies have become more commoditized and globalized, and so migrate to other high-tech regions and lower-cost production centers. From the heart of the semiconductor and related integrated circuits industry in the 1960s and 70s, through the explosion of the personal computers in the 1980s, through the software and internet boom of the 1990s, and now into social media, the region has remained at the cutting edge of new technological innovations…—Excerpt from Chapter 7 of Equity, Growth, and Community

Read more about the Silicon Valley region in the free eBook version on Luminos

Metro Region Case Study Data: View Table | Download Data

The authors wish to extend a special thanks to the persons and organizations listed below. Follow the links to learn more about them.